https://readit.plus/a/rS4ky/I-Air-Thermoscope-and-Air-Thermometer-486ea76230f94e25be33227f42efd467
The opposition of "hot" and "cold," like that of "dry and "moist, ' is an inevitable by-product of our sense of touch. These antitheses, noted by the pre-Socratic philosophers of Greek antiquity, were used by Aristotle in the formation of his doctrine of opposites, while from their combinations the four elementsearth, water, air, and fire--were built up. In doing this, Aristotle made no attempt to assign numbers to these qualities. The great physician Galen seems to have introduced the idea of "degrees of heat and cold," four in number each way from a neutral point in the middle. The neutral point was to be a mixcure of equal quantities of ice and boiling water, substances that Galen seems to have thought of as the hottest and coldest of materials. Whether the quantities were weights or volumes is not certain, and we may wonder whether Galen ever made such an experiment;? but it is the earliest notion of a fixed point or standard of temperature.
“热”和“冷”的对立，就像“干”和“湿”的对立一样，是我们触觉不可避免的副产品。古希腊前苏格拉底哲学家注意到了这些对立，亚里士多德在形成他的对立学说时使用了这些对立，而通过它们的组合，建立了土、水、空气和火四种元素。在这样做时，亚里士多德并没有尝试为这些品质分配数字。伟大的医生盖伦似乎引入了“热度和冷度”的概念，从中间的中性点开始各有四度。中性点是等量的冰和沸水的混合物，盖伦似乎认为这些物质是最热和最冷的材料。这些量是重量还是体积并不确定，我们可能想知道盖伦是否做过这样的实验？但这是最早的固定点或温度标准的概念。
Strange as it may seem, the idea of a scale of temperature was familiar to physicians before they had any instrument to measure it with. This is illustrated by the De logistica medica of Johannis Hasler of Berne. Hasler's very first "Problem" is entitled "To find the natural degree of temperature of each man, as determined by his age, the time of year, the elevation of the pole [i.e., the latitude] and other influences." It was believed that the body temperature of dwellers in the tropics was higher than those living in higher latitudes. Hasler showed this supposed relationship by an elaborate table' (Fig. 1.1), in which the nine degrees of heat in the first column and the Galenic degrees of heat and cold in the second (divided into three parts in the fourth and third columns respectively) are set opposite the latitude. From this table the physician could read the normal degree of heat or cold to be expected in an inhabitant of any place and thus decide how to mix his medicines.
尽管看起来很奇怪，但在没有任何测量温度的仪器之前，温度标度的概念对于医生来说是很熟悉的。伯尔尼的约翰尼斯·哈斯勒 (Johannis Hasler) 的《医学物流》对此进行了说明。哈斯勒的第一个“问题”的标题是“根据每个人的年龄、一年中的时间、极点海拔（即纬度）和其他影响因素确定每个人的自然温度。”人们认为，热带地区居民的体温高于高纬度地区居民。哈斯勒通过一张详尽的表格展示了这种假设的关系（图1.1），其中第一列是九度热度，第二列是盖伦热度和冷度（分别在第四列和第三列中分为三部分） ) 与纬度相反。从这张表中，医生可以读出任何地方的居民预期的正常热度或冷度，从而决定如何混合他的药物。
This was the medical scale. There was also a "philosophical scale" with eight degrees of heat and eight of cold. As we shall see, the first thermometer of which we have a description and illustration has a scale of "degrees of cold that goes from one to eight.
这就是医学尺度。还有一个“哲学尺度”，八度热，八度冷。正如我们将看到的，我们有描述和插图的第一个温度计具有“从一到八度的冷度”的刻度。
Questions of priority are loaded with embarrassment for the historian of science and technology, even if they are of great interest to the general reader. The thermometer provides a particularly acute example, at least partly because more than a piece of apparatus is involved. Its "invention" cannot be considered apart from its use and calibration. According to the point of view adopted in this chapter a distinction must be made between the terms thermoscope and thermometer, in which a thermometer is simply a thermoscope provided with a scale. This may seem too elementary to be worth notice; but if it had been kept in mind, many gallons of ink might have been saved in the attempt to establish when, where, and by whom "the thermometer was invented." I propose to regard it as axiomatic that a "meter" ' must have a scale or something equivalent. If this is admitted, the problem of the invention of the thermometer becomes more straightforward; that of the invention of the thermoscope remains as obscure as ever.
对于科学技术史家来说，优先级问题充满了尴尬，即使普通读者对此非常感兴趣。温度计提供了一个特别尖锐的例子，至少部分是因为涉及的不仅仅是一个设备。它的“发明”不能脱离它的使用和校准来考虑。根据本章所采用的观点，必须区分测温仪和温度计这两个术语，其中温度计只是带有刻度的测温仪。这似乎太简单了，不值得关注。但如果记住这一点，在尝试确定“温度计是何时、何地以及由谁发明的”时可能会节省许多加仑的墨水。我建议将“米”必须有一个刻度或类似的东西视为公理。如果承认这一点，温度计发明的问题就变得更加简单了。测温仪的发明仍然像以前一样晦涩难懂。
As to the thermoscope, a further preliminary question must be answered: when does a pneumatic experiment, of whatever sort, become a thermoscope? I take it as essential that the experi menter should have had clearly in view the construction of an instrument intended to give some visible indication of changes in its condition with respect to heat. It is not enough that the behavior of some instrument should be interbretable in this way.
至于测温仪，必须回答一个进一步的初步问题：无论何种类型的气动实验何时成为测温仪？我认为至关重要的是，实验者应该清楚地了解仪器的构造，该仪器旨在给出有关热条件变化的一些可见指示。某些仪器的行为以这种方式可互译是不够的。
Pneumatic experiments that could form the basis of a thermoscope were made in antiquity by Philo of Byzantium, who probably flourished about the end of the second century B.C.,' and also by Hero of Alexandria, possibly in the first half of the first century B.C, but perhaps much later. Philo's work, lost in the original Greek, remained in Latin and Arabic manuscripts, unpublished, until the end of the nineteenth century.• Hero's Pneumatics fared better, having been published in Latin in 1575,10 in an Italian translation in 1589,11 and again in Italian in 1592,12 the year in which Galileo took up his post at Padua.
可以构成测温仪基础的气动实验是由拜占庭的斐洛（Philo）在古代进行的，他可能在公元前二世纪末左右进行，亚历山大的希罗（Hero of Alexandria）也可能在公元前一世纪上半叶进行，但也许要晚得多。斐洛的著作在希腊语原文中已失传，直到 19 世纪末才以拉丁文和阿拉伯文手稿的形式出版。• 《英雄的气动学》表现较好，已于 1575 年出版了拉丁文版，10 于 1589 年出版了意大利文译本，11 1592 年，12 伽利略在帕多瓦上任。
Hero's work was studied a great deal in Italy toward the end of the sixteenth century, as Hellmann has found.13 Galileo is known to have read it by 1594.14 Meanwhile Giambattista della Porta had read about Hero's experiment, of a "fountain that drips in the sun," and described an apparatus that could have been used as an air thermoscope but was in fact intended only to show that water could be raised by the action of heat.15 Even in 1606 it is plain that a similar experiment described by Della Porta merely shows the expansion of air by heat and its contraction by cold, but that he had no idea of making a measuring instrument.1 Like many others, he was repeating some of Hero's experiments, with variations.
正如赫尔曼所发现的那样，在 16 世纪末，意大利对希罗的著作进行了大量研究。13 据了解，伽利略在 1594 年就读过该书。14 与此同时，詹巴蒂斯塔·德拉波塔 (Giambattista della Porta) 读到了有关希罗的实验，即“滴在水里的喷泉”。太阳”，并描述了一种可以用作空气测温仪的装置，但实际上只是为了表明水可以通过热作用而升高。15 即使在 1606 年，德拉波塔 (Della Porta) 描述的类似实验也很明显仅仅显示了空气因热而膨胀和因冷而收缩，但他不知道制造测量仪器。1像许多其他人一样，他正在重复希罗的一些实验，但有一些变化。
The serious candidates for the honor of having "invented the thermometer" are usually considered to be four in number: Galileo, Santorio (or Sanctorius), Drebbel, and Fludd. The first two lived in Italy, the other two lived north of the Alps. As interaction across the Alps is very unlikely in this case, we may profitably consider the two pairs separately.
获得“温度计发明者”荣誉的严肃候选人通常被认为是四位：伽利略、桑托里奥（或桑克托里乌斯）、德雷贝尔和弗卢德。前两人住在意大利，另外两人住在阿尔卑斯山以北。由于在这种情况下跨越阿尔卑斯山的相互作用非常不可能，因此我们可以单独考虑这两对货币对。
Like the British idolators of Newton, the Italian parti. sans of Galileo have done their best to magnify the achievements of their hero, often with scant regard for historical method, or even for probability. It may now, I think, be maintained categorically that Santorio applied a measuring device to the air thermoscope, at least as early as 1612, thus making an air thermometer; although he was not the only one to have done this, as we shall see. Whether he or Galileo, or someone else, first made an air thermoscope is much less clear. I suspect that if the great name of Galileo were not involved it would not really be of much importance, in view of the very small utility of the thermoscope.